I. Alphabet Table

we observed that the letter is not used in Chinese Pinyin in mandarin, it's only used to write foreign languages, languages of national minorities or dialects. The letters are written in the same manner as in latin languages such as English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Germain...

II. Consonants

III. Vowels

1. The 7 characters “知、蚩、诗、日、资、雌、思” use the vowel i，ie：知、蚩、诗、日、资、雌、思 are written in Pinyin as zhi,chi,shi,ri,zi,ci,si.
2. The character ㄦ is spelled on er，if it appears at the end, it's simplified on the simple letter r. ie：“儿童” as ertong，“花儿” as huar.
3. An isolated vowel ㄝ is written as ê.
4. For the vowel i, if it's prededed by a consonant, one transforms it on y, ie： yi（衣），yɑ（呀），ye（耶），yɑo（腰），you（忧），yɑn（烟），yin（因），yɑnɡ（央），yinɡ（英），yonɡ（雍）。 　　 Concerned the vowel u if it is not preceded by a consonant, one transforms it on w, ie: wu（乌），wɑ（蛙），wo（窝），wɑi（歪），wei（威），wɑn（弯），wen（温），wɑnɡ（汪），wenɡ（翁）。 　　　If ü follows the consonants j， q， x, it's removed of accent: ju（居），qu（区），xu（虚）； But if it follows consonants l，n，one writes normally on lü（吕），nü（女）.
5. If one adds a consonant before iou，uei，uen，one writes：iu,ui,un. For example, niu（牛），ɡui（归），lun（论）.

IV. Tons

Tab. IV: Tons et Application sur les Voyelles.

In Chinese there exists a special tone, called light Tone，also named Tone 5，in the pinyin, one does not mark the symbol of the tone. Certain scolars think that the calling "Tone 5" is not adequate. The light tone has the function to distinguish the meaning of a character, but it does not figure among the "4 tons" on Pinyin. Because the tone marks normally the accentuation of a syllable. In respect with the height of the tone, the light tone does mark no more than the zone of the sound, but a normal tone poceeds also the variation of the loudness of a prononciation.

Each Chinese ideogram poceeds a consonant and a group of vowel. One marks the tone above the vowel. Sometimes to simplifier, one can also ignore it - Pinyin without tons.

The position of the tone symbol on Pinyin follows the rules here below:

• If there is the vowel a, the tone is marked above the a.
• If there is not the vowel a, but there is e ou o （that will never appear together in the mandarin Chinese）， one marks the tone above the e or the o.
• If there is neither o nor e， there is forcibly i、u or ü, one marks the tone above i、u or ü.
If i and u appear together, one marks the tone above the second vowel. This rule is specially conceived for ui and iu （we prononce respectively uei and iou）. If i or u appears single, one marks the tone above the latter.
• If ü follows the consonants j, q, x，one writes on ju(居)，qu(区)，xu(虚)，the trema above ü is also stripped； But if it follows consonants n,l，one write in the normal way as nü(女)，lü(吕).

This is to day, the tone is marked over the pondering vowel. One does not mark the light ton. For example：

V. Positition des tons

Les règles suivantes sont observées:

• On met le ton sur la voyelle, comme dans 党 dǎng.
• S'il y a plusieurs voyelles, on met le ton sur la voyelle ayant la précédence comme classées dans le tableau IV, dans l'ordre a>e>o>i=u=ü, par exemple, 柴 chái, 雷 léi, 楼 lóu, 熊 xióng, 寿 shòu, 诺 nuò, 雪 xuě.
• Si u et i se suivent, on met sur la dernière voyelle, comme dans 对 duì et 酒 jiǔ.

VI. Separator

For a syllable beginning with the vowels ɑ，o，e, if it follows a syllable, when the confusion is possible, one uses the separator prime （'），for example pi'ɑo （皮袄, Leather Jacket）.

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